Reading Response to Ali and Nino Essay

The most evident and reoccurring theme that I noticed in Kurban Said’s, Ali and Nino was the importance of religion and cultural backgrounds. In many different places in the story it is evident that Ali and Nino have been taught some completely different things about the world in general. The first major example that I found is when Ali speaks with his father and Nino’s father about marrying Nino. Although they are both somewhat supportive of the marriage, they both send completely opposite messages. Ali’s father tells him that the love for Nino is not necessary and that if he wants Ali can still marry up to three more wives. Contrary to Ali’s fathers belief, Nino’s father feels very differently. He feels that he must show unconditional love and treat her with the dignity and respect that she deserves. He also feels that he should focus all her energy and love on her rather than having any other wives. If Nino’s father doubts Ali’s for his daughter, maybe that is part of the reason why he tried to postpone the wedding. The second example I found is when Nino tells Ali he absolutely can not have a harem because it is considered a disgraceful tradition of Ali’s background to Nino and her family. Ali agrees that he will not have a Harem and then the question of whether or not Nino will have to wear a veil. After a bit of deliberation between Ali and Nino, they were still unable to reach a conclusion to whether or not Nino would have to wear a veil. Nino does not understand why a women must wear a veil whereas Ali feels that it is very important that the women does so that Nino will be protected from strangers looks. Although Ali and Nino are very much in love there are very many cultural differences and misunderstandings that make this inter religion/faith marriage a bit more complicated. This idea of religious differences and cultural misunderstandings really hits home for me. As a Jewish adult, it has always been very important to me to marry someone of the same faith and belief system. As I have grown up I do believe that the most important thing is being happy and that being accepting of all peoples values and morals is very much important. Out of personal experience, I have two relatives that both decided to marry out of the Jewish faith. Neither of these marriages have worked out very well in regards to my family. The first relative of mine ended up getting divorced and is now going through a custody battle for his children. The other relative is still married to his wife but does not talk to anyone on our side of the family due to many reasons but mostly because she was not willing to support his Jewish identity and background. It is ignorant in my opinion to think that inter faith marriages can never work out, because a lot of them do. But in my experiences with my family they have not. Regardless if people can make them work, it is definitely harder than marrying someone with the same faith as you. With religion comes a system of ideals, morals and beliefs and if someone has those same values as you do, there will be less cultural misunderstandings and cleavages than if you married someone with different values than you. So the whole idea of cultural differences through religion complicating thing relates both very closely to my life in terms of my family and Kurban Said’s Ali and Nino.

Comfort Conditions In Urban Spaces In Crete Environmental Sciences Essay

There is an incontestable relevancy between thermic environment in out-of-door public infinites and their degree of usage. Since climatic conditions straight affect the usage and activities of out-of-door infinites, they should be taken into history when planing public infinites. The out-of-door infinites design particularly in urban countries is really critical in Southern Europe due their drawn-out usage during summertime where the urban heat island phenomenon is present. This paper presents the consequences of out-of-door infinites field studies conducted in four different urban unfastened infinites in Crete. Physical on site measurings were conducted and a questionnaire study was used in order to measure the thermic comfort of visitants. With the proposed method, a strong connexion between microclimate on out-of-door comfort conditions and the usage of unfastened infinite is revealed. The field studies besides reveal assorted issues sing adaptability of users to the out-of-door environment, proposing that a strictly physiological attack is unequal in qualifying thermic comfort conditions in out-of-door infinites, therefore stressing the demand for look intoing different ways to quantify comfort conditions out-of-doorss. Thermal indices like CP ( Cooling power ) , PMV ( Predicted Mean Vote ) , PET ( Psysiological Equivalent Temperature ) and SET ( Standard Effective Temperature ) are used to measure the appraisal of urban microclimate. Study findings besides elucidate design of out-of-door public infinites in hot and humid parts. Keywords: Outdoor thermic comfort ; microclimatic monitoring ; field studies ; sustainable designIntroductionThere is strong public involvement in the quality of unfastened urban infinites and it is acknowledged that they can lend to the quality of life within metropoliss, or perversely heighten isolation and societal exclusion [ 1,2 ] . The major factor that determines the quality of the unfastened urban infinites is the clime conditions that occur in the micro graduated table environment [ 3 ] . Humidity degrees, particularly in hot climes and coastal parts [ 4,5 ] the mean beaming temperature every bit good as the cold air supply within the urban infinite affect the wellness [ 6 ] and good being of the citizens therefore the development of the whole metropolis country in several ways, affect on touristry [ 7,8 ] , affect on the local market, affect on the abodes [ 9 ] . Particularly in islands this relationship is more apparent because the bulk of the unfastened infinite is in the signifier of a big cardinal square in the metropolis centre [ 10 ] ; in this manner every intercession to the unfastened infinite may hold obvious good consequences in the sustainability of the whole urban system [ 11 ] . Understanding the profusion of microclimatic features in out-of-door infinites, and the comfort deductions for the people utilizing them can help urban â€Å" adjustment † and find the basic factors of sustainable design [ 12 ] . This realisation, in bend, has given rise to increased research on the subject in the last few old ages [ 13-15 ] .The initial findings of the current research survey seek to accomplish a better apprehension of the profusion of microclimatic features in out-of-door urban infinites in islands and the comfort deductions for the people utilizing them [ 16 ] . One of the cardinal issues in human comfort is the human biometeorology. Due to the fact that air temperature is non the lone relevant variable, more than 100 simple thermic indices most of them two parametric quantity indices have been developed in the last 150 old ages to depict the complex conditions of heat exchange between the human organic structure and its thermic environment. Some good indices include the Standard Predictive Index of Human Response attack [ 17 ] , and Out_SET* [ 18 ] which is based on Gagge ‘s work. Blazejczyk ( 1994 ) [ 19 ] presented the man-environment heat exchange theoretical account MENEX, and the extended work by Horikoshi et Al. ( 1995, 1997 ) [ 20 ] resulted in a Thermal Environmental Index. With Gagge`s et Al. ( 1986 ) [ 17 ] betterment in the description of latent heat fluxes by the debut of PMV* , Fanger ‘s ( 1970 ) [ 21 ] attack can besides be considered among the advanced heat budget theoretical accounts. This attack is by and large the footing for the operational thermic assessment process Klima-Michel-model [ 22,23 ] of the Deutscher Wetterdienst with the result â€Å" sensed temperature, PT † [ 24 ] that considers a certain grade of version by assorted vesture. In this context, microclimatic conditions have begun being viewed as built-in to the success of an unfastened infinite as they determine critical parametric quantities for the usage of out-of-door infinites in the urban environment. Responses to microclimate may be unconscious, but they frequently result in the different a of unfastened infinite in different climatic conditions [ 25,26 ] . This paper goes farther, analyzing the manner microclimatic conditions, such as air temperature, solar radiation, comparative humidness and air current velocity and way, in relation with psychological factors affect the usage of urban unfastened infinites in a Mediterranean island clime, concentrating on the studies carried out in four different metropoliss in Crete, Greece [ 27 ] . The purpose of the paper is to supply the basic regulations which can be used for a sustainable design of unfastened urban infinites in every type of Mediterranean island. These regulations include: Categorization based on the hierarchy of the clime parametric quantities in order to cipher their part to the overall comfort degrees Determination of the comfort degrees of every microclimate parametric quantity harmonizing to the replies given both in winter and in summer clip Determination of the basic human parametric quantities that affect the comfort degrees Divide harmonizing to the usage of the four squares harmonizing to the consequences and suggestions for good intercessions of future designs This research given the former research workers experience attempts to implement the findings into a peculiar type of clime, the Mediterranean clime. Through this manner the basic indices can be validated and if possible recalculated in a different graduated table that is constructed by existent ballots and existent informations. No theoretical account can be decently implemented to any specific status if there is non any sort of accommodation to the basic features of every individual instance.2. MethodIn order to analyze the assortment of the several urban climes within Crete all the four sites that were selected have different features sing their flora, their location and their usage. The first 1 is within the historical centre of Chania, on the coastal zone, the 2nd one is between the shopping centre and the port in Rethymnon and it is surrounded by high traffic route, the 3rd one is in the shopping centre of Heraklion and several public edifices are located around it and the 4th is located on a mountain country near Heraklion called Archanes. In each of the four metropoliss take parting in the undertaking two instance surveies, one in the winter ( February 2009 ) and one in the summer ( July 2009 ) , were conducted from 10 am to 4 autopsy. Each site was monitored for a representative twenty-four hours each season ; the clime conditions of the yearss of the study were afterwards compared to the average climatic conditions at every metropolis for this season so as to corroborate the effectivity of the informations measured ( fig. 1 ) . The field studies involved elaborate microclimatic monitoring with the usage of a portable mini-weather station, with detectors conforming to ISO 7726 [ 28 ] , while people were studied in their natural environment through structured interviews and observations, to measure the comfort conditions in a graduated table of five degrees from really bad ( -2 ) to really good ( +2 ) their experience and their perceptual experience of the environment. Particular attention was taken to choose the interviewees in a mode representative of the different age groups and sexes present and the forms of usage of the different countries ( fig. 2 ) 2 ( how many interviews, male- female- age groups ) . This paper focuses on issues related to the usage of infinite, as opposed to people ‘s rating of the comfort conditions. Peoples were studied in their natural environment, while issues impacting the usage of infinite ( forms of usage, groups of people utilizing the infinite, penchants within the country, etc. ) were besides investigated. 2.1. Case surveies description The four sites considered in this survey [ 27 ] , viz. are: Talo square in Chania ( fig. 3 ) Talo is a seaboard square which delimits the terminal of the old Venetian Harbor metropolis of Chania. Displays a particular involvement to tourers as it is located within the touristic country and is besides close residential country. Access to the square is accomplished through the coastal prosaic path from the port or the way that runs to the South. The square interior has no shops or java installations. The unknown Soldier square in Rethymnon ( fig. 3 ) The square of the Unknown Soldier is at the terminal of the port of Rethymnon in a consolidation hub of the coastal route to the chief roads of the metropolis. Around the square, the route runs with increased traffic and lodging around the coffeehouse and stores. The Liberty Square in Heraklion ( fig. 3 ) Liberty Square is located in shopping centre of Heraklion and around it passes roads with high traffic. With the latest renovation slate, the minimalist attack gave a different design of the square the land was covered with marble while merely some of the trees ( eucalyptus ) were retained. Today, Liberty Square is a cardinal meeting point and amusement centre of citizens in Heraklion. Central square of Archanes ( Heraklion ) ( fig. 3 ) Archanes is declared a traditional colony and of important architectural and urban involvement. The reinforced environment of the small town during the last 15 ( 15 ) old ages is protected through a comprehensive plan of reclamation. Particular accent is given to the regeneration of the cardinal square of the municipality under Archanes, which together with nearby diversion utilizations ( stores, coffeehouse, eating houses ) compute a topographic point of remainder, drama and relaxation for occupants and attracts several visitants. In Archanes a important portion of the execution of development planning has won a big figure of differentiations. The square is surrounded by the chief route of the municipality and following to it there are several eating houses and java houses. 2.2. Environmental monitoring The field studies were scheduled to take topographic point twice within a twelvemonth, to acquire the seasonal fluctuation ( summer, winter ) , which affects the usage of infinite. The informations measured were air temperature, solar radiation, air current, comparative humidness and sound degree in dB. For the conditions microclimatic information measurings a figure of portable detectors were used. They were put in the center of every square ( Hobo weather station ) in relation with extra equipment that can easy be transported around in the exact topographic point of the interview ( Frederiksen manus pyranometer, Mastech sound flat metre ) . The measurings of the station were scheduled to salvage informations every five proceedingss whereas the informations that were collected in the exact topographic point of the interview were approximately every 15 proceedingss, depending on the clip between the two interviews. For the proof of the microclimatic conditions, the nearby conditions station was used to compare the informations monitored with the informations measured in every square. All the detectors were carefully selected to conform to the ISO 7726 ( ISO 1998 ) . 2.3. Human monitoring-questionnaire Peoples were studied in their natural environment, to measure their perceptual experience of the thermal, aglow and acoustic environment. The interview took topographic point in the exact topographic point where they sat or stood within the square. Issues impacting the usage of infinite ( forms of usage, groups of people utilizing the infinite, penchants within the country, etc. ) were besides investigated in a questionnaire compiled for the survey. The interviewees were describing their rating of different microclimatic parametric quantities either on a 5 or 3 point graduated table, every bit good as their appraisal of their overall comfort province. A questionnaire was designed in order to roll up the people ‘s perceptual experience of comfort a figure of other inquiries were asked to give inside informations about the topic and his/her perceptual experience of the physical environment. The consequences were collected on a standard signifier, which gives inside informations of the signifier of the inquiries outside the basic comfort and penchant graduated tables. A portable conditions station was constructed in order to mensurate ground-based meteoric conditions at the clip of the interview. The questionnaires will include information on: A A. OBSERVATIONS – Apparel – Consumption of cold drinks – Kinetic Status ( at remainder or in gesture ) – Residence clip in the square B ) QUESTIONS standards for comfort in the heat, air current, Sun, wet, acoustic environment C ) Psychological standards – Naturalness of the country ( naturalness ) – Expectations ( based on proposed alterations pictured ) – Experience ( feelings from their stay in the square ) – Reasons of visiting and utilizing ( free pick ) – Aestheticss of the country The measurings were conducted on four squares twice a twelvemonth, one in winter ( February 2009 ) and a summer ( July 2009 ) , 200 answered questionnaires, 100 each clip and about 25 in each square. This figure of responses is minimally sufficient to carry on valid and dependable decisions and was pre- calculated by statistics trials. The choice of the specific day of the months of the measurings was done following observations of the general clime of every metropolis all the month so as the climatic informations would be realistic of the microclimatic environment of the square the twenty-four hours of the measuring ( fig. 1 ) .4. Consequences4.1 Microclimatic informations A ¶ A sum-up of climatic informations for the different interview times, in different Cretan metropoliss appears in table 1 ( mean temperature ( A °C ) , comparative humidness ( % ) , velocity ( m/s ) and wind way, solar radiation strength ( W/m2 ) ) for the different squares. Weather consequences have been obtained as described from the portable conditions station detectors that were installed in each interview country, every bit good as from the portable measurement instruments ( thermometer, pyranometer, decibel metre ) in order to enter the comfort conditions in point precisely where the replies were given. Overall, the climatic informations recorded on the interview countries are in conformity with the records from the nearby conditions station for all metropoliss and seasons, any differences are chiefly attributed to the being of urban terrain and flora. Similarly, there are great differences in air current velocity which are chiefly due to difference in altitude measuring. The consequences of the portable conditions station were obtained from a degree of 2.00 m above the land surface of the square, and in the country there were obstructions or flora which surely affect the result consequences, while the location of the conditions station of each metropolis was clearly higher, and its topographic point has been carefully studied so as non to be any barriers. The definition of tallness and arrangement of the station precisely in the center of every square without taking into history the flora or any obstructions that may do different conditions, was deliberately made for the complete r ecording of conditions in each square in order to accomplish the existent conditions informations that affect the comfort conditions examined. 4.2 Human population informations The analysis of the human population answered the inquiries will give certain grounds about the type of people who use every square and besides their site-specific features which are important for the farther survey. Fig. 2 shows the frequence of usage of each square and provides a clear image of the penchant of occupants and visitants to the country. In fig. 3 appears the program of the square coloured from ruddy to yellow harmonizing to the figure of questionnaires that were conducted in that point. It reveals the basic paths and the most preferable sitting countries of the visitants. From the replies to the inquiries â€Å" how frequently do you see the country † and â€Å" do you populate or work in the vicinity † can be assumed that in Chania, Rethymnon and Heraklion, the per centum of local occupants is bigger than those who visited the site a minimal per hebdomad significance that some people do non take the site for day-to-day or hebdomadal usage even if they live or work nearby. Unlike in Archanes is observed the rearward consequence ; many visitants use really frequently the square. This consequence may nevertheless non be really representative of the square, bearing in head the fact that Archanes is a nearby finish from Heraklion and questionnaires were made in Sunday where many people visit the eating houses and coffeehouse that are around the square. 4.3 Comfort Data Before any farther measure, a more descriptive analysis of the answers of the respondents about the comfort conditions is necessary. The inquiries related to thermic comfort, irritation from the Sun, air current, humidness, and acoustic comfort. All responses were analyzed in five or three point graduated table and the possible responses range from â€Å" really small † ( -2 ) to â€Å" highly † ( 2 ) . The index ASV ( Actual Sensation Vote ) is a consequence of all the responses together with a drumhead inquiry, â€Å" Are you comfy? † this gives a clear image of comfort conditions in each square [ 13,27 ] . Before any farther analysis it is of import to specify which of these parametric quantities is considered the most important for the feeling of comfort harmonizing to the interviewees. The replies to the inquiry â€Å" ‘what do you see most of import when you chose a topographic point to sit in a square? † appears in fig. 4. This inquiry can be really helpful when designing because it is possible to modulate all facets of the comfort every bit good as the standardization of the factors impacting the comfort so it can give a clear image of which parametric quantity largely affects the comfort conditions ( temperature, sunlight, acoustic environment ) . The consequences from this inquiry are that sunlight has the greatest per centum of replies in all the squares, so the Sun control is an of import factor which influences the comfort ballot and is decisive for the viability of the square. It should besides be noted that the other two factors, viz. temperature and the acoustic environment in all the squares have about the same rate, is hence equal of import for the sustainability of the square. Figures 5a and 5b show the responses to thermal comfort ( heat ) , severally in summer and winter and table 2 shows the mean temperature prevailing in the squares when the ballot of comfort was positive ( All right ) . Talo square in Chania has the highest per centum of thermic comfort ( All right ballot ) both in summer ( 37 % ) with mean air temperature 27.7 A °C and in winter ( 73.1 % ) with mean air temperature 15.4 A °C. In Rethymnon the per centums of utmost ballots ( excessively small, excessively much ) both in summer and winter appear increased even though the air temperature both in summer ( 26.1A °C ) and in winter ( 16.3A °C ) appears between the comfort degrees harmonizing to the ISO 7730. This phenomenon is chiefly due to the deficiency of flora that could protect the walkers from the radiation from the Sun combined with high brooding stuffs that maximized it in the summer and the deficiency of any sort of protection from the temperature, the rain or the humidne ss within the square in the winter that made the dwellers experiencing uncomfortable while utilizing the infinite. The replies about the comfort from the Sun irritation are shown in fig. 6. By and large in winter the measurings of the Sun radiation were from 350 W/m2 to 550 W/m2 whereas in the summer the radiation increased significantly from 850 W/m2 to 950 W/m2. In winter all squares have a good response rate ( OK ) . On the reverse in the summer the ( OK ) replies about the comfort are increased in Chania ( 44.4 % ) and Archanes ( 91.3 % ) while the mean solar radiation, as it was measured from the conditions station, does non change so much in relation to the other two squares ( Rethymnon and Heraklion ) ( table 2 ) . These responses were determined largely by the land stuff every bit good as the naturalness of the topographic point. Both the squares in Archanes and in Chania have big countries of tall trees and flora and as a consequence, the sum of the standard radiation measu red was limited ( non more than 500 W/m2 as measured the portable pyranometer ) unlike the other two squares where the brooding stuffs on the land multiplied the standard solar radiation ( about 700 – 950 W/m2 as measured by the portable pyranometer ) . As appears on the figs 7a, 7b, which show the per centum of responses for comfort from the air current, the air current ballots are strongly influenced by air current velocity instead than by other factors that influence largely solar and thermic comfort. In all squares both in summer and winter there was no measuring of air current velocity above the 2 m/s, for that ground the most of the responses giver were favourable to the small air current that existed. The comparative humidness ( fig. 8 ) was measured really high in both winter and summer in all parts, realistic phenomenon if we take into history the Mediterranean clime of the island. The replies about the humidness were non tantamount to the RH measured, merely in Archanes where the sum of the humidness particularly in winter was really big the people were able to quantify their uncomfortableness due to the humidness degrees. Finally fig. 9 presents the responses of comfort for the acoustic environment. The responses to â€Å" hush † and â€Å" really quiet † can non be considered negative and on the charts were included in the ballot â€Å" All right † . It is clear that Chania has the largest per centum of positive acoustic comfort responses in both winter and summer, even if the sound degree does non vary much from part to part. The important difference of the Talo square is the sea, which produces adequate noise ( the dB metre near the sea measured noise about 60 dubnium ) but besides absorbs most negative traffic noise. 4.5 Evidence of adaptation The context of thermic comfort adaptivity involves all the procedures which people go through to better the tantrum between the environment and their demands. Three different classs can be identified: physical, physiological and psychological [ 29 ] . Physical version is related with the alterations a individual makes, in order to set oneself to the environment, or change the environment to his demands. In this context two different sorts of version were identified, reactive and synergistic. In the former the lone alterations happening are personal, such as changing one ‘s vesture degrees, place, etc. , whereas in the latter, people interact, doing alterations to the environment in order to better their comfort conditions, opening a window, opening a sunshade, etc [ 29 ] . In the squares of the survey the fluctuation of vesture was rather intense both in winter and in summer, as the temperature rises the sum of vesture ( as defined by ISO 7730 ) is reduced. The fluctuation of vesture in winter is non affected from the air temperature ; all squares have the same degrees of vesture, which is about 0.85. A Another factor that is perceived as active natural adaptability is the usage of cold or hot drinks or nutrient. The more the temperature increased the more people drank cold drinks which increase their comfort degree. As it has been studied [ 13 ] , the ingestion of cold drinks reduces the energy generated during the metamorphosis about 10 % . Physiological version or physiological acclimatisation implies alterations in the physiological responses ensuing from repeated exposure to a stimulation, taking to a gradual reduced strain from such exposure, therefore non of cardinal importance in this context. [ 29 ] ( three ) Psychological adaptation is related with the hypothesis that different people perceive the environment in a different manner, and it is argued that human response to a physical stimulation is non merely a map of its magnitude, but besides depends on the ‘information ‘ that people have for a peculiar state of affairs. Psychological factors are hence act uponing the thermic perceptual experience of a infinite and the alterations happening in it. [ 29 ] 1 ) The naturalness of the site seems that people appear to digest broad alterations of the physical environment, provided they are produced of course. The importance of the construct of naturalness in each square is obvious sing the responses to the inquiry â€Å" what do you like more of the square? † . In all the squares over 60 % of people, said â€Å" flora † or â€Å" H2O surface † while far fewer respondents answered â€Å" stuffs † or â€Å" design equipment † or â€Å" the surrounding edifices † . This phenomenon reinforces the premise that physical elements are the cardinal sustainability of a square. 2 ) The outlooks, which is what the environment should be like, instead than what it really is greatly influence people ‘s perceptual experiences. In out-of-door infinites this relates to the frequent answer people gave †it ‘s All right for this clip of twelvemonth † , †for this clip of twelvemonth I would prefer it warmer † , or †it ‘s winter it ‘s meant to be cold † . Except from the outlooks of the clime parametric quantities in the fig. 10 appear the outlooks of the site. Each interviewee was given a image of four squares, one with big countries of low grass and seting without any design equipment ( fig. 10, no1 ) , one with tall trees, walking countries and design equipment like benches ( fig. 10, no 4 ) , one more covered by concrete and with more design equipment, paving streets, visible radiations and a fewer flora ( fig. 10, no 3 ) and one where the flora lacks wholly wholly covered with concrete and cover stuffs wi th more commercial utilizations ( fig.10, no 2 ) . The inquiry was â€Å" Which of the undermentioned squares would wish to be near to your place and which near to your workplace? † . As shown in figure 10, for the residential country, about all responses were for the first two squares which had flora, the summer is preferred the 1 with the tall trees ( 54.0 % ) , while in winter the 1 with the grass ( 68.4 % ) . In contrast with the replies about the square near the workplace where, most of the people chose the other two squares merely in summer. Particularly for the square with no flora at all, the penchant rate is 17.3 % in winter and 32 % in summer. Taking these replies into history we can reason that the outlook of the design and flora of every square depends in a great degree on the location and the nearby utilizations of the metropolis country. 3 ) The perceived control as people who have a high grade of control over a beginning of uncomfortableness, digest broad fluctuations, are less irritated by it, and the negative emotional responses are greatly reduced. Fig. 11 shows the responses of the ground why people visited the square in relation with the responses of comfort ballot â€Å" All right † while the reply was given in natural temperatures harmonizing to the ISO [ 28 ] between 19A °C – 25A °C or non natural. . It presents the figure of people that although they were non in â€Å" natural † temperatures answered that they are comfy and the figure of people who were in conditions of comfort and answered that they truly feel comfy in combination with the grounds that everyone visited the square. The replies for the usage of every square are categorized in: – Topographic points advantages: is near the shopping centre, it is quiet, for the sea ) – Consumption: I need a bench to eat my sandwich ; I want to sit to do a call, to hold a java – Leisure: I like to loosen up here, my kids dramas with others – For a interruption: it is near my work so I can take my interruption at that place, interruption from shopping – For personal grounds: I have an assignment, one look for person ( friend, comparative ) that uses frequently the topographic point – For work: the cab topographic point is here, I promote coffin nails, refreshments – crossing through: I am merely go throughing through Apparently people who are in the infinite for assorted grounds are cognizant that it was their ain pick to expose themselves to these conditions, and when they wish can go forth, going more tolerant to the thermic environment. However, people who were at that place to run into person did non hold the option of go forthing when they wished to make so. The expiration of their exposure to the thermic conditions was dependent on external factors, in this instance the reaching of the other individual, which was doing hurt, doing them less tolerant to the environment. This issue of free pick becomes of premier importance in out-of-door infinites, where existent control over the microclimate is minimum, perceived control holding the biggest weighting. 4 ) Exposure clip as exposure to discomfort is non viewed negatively if the person anticipates that it is ephemeral. For the squares this survey verified the fig. 11 which is apparent that people who answered that visited the square to hold a interruption ( likely abruptly ) or said they merely do a walk had really high ballots of tolerance to â€Å" non natural † conditions. 5 ) Environmental stimulation is an issue of primary importance in external infinites, where the environment nowadayss few thermic restraints, this being an of import plus of such countries and one of the grounds that people use these infinites. Environmental stimulation is likely the chief ground for the bulk of people to sit out-of-doorss. It is besides non surprising that for the inquiry about the significance of out-of-door infinite the bulk of responses were â€Å" natural topographic point of relaxation and composure † and every other response was associated once more with the naturalness of the country but was concentrated more on the utilizations that need to be placed ( topographic point to socialise, resort area and athleticss country ) . From this statement, can be assumed the degree of importance that environment and flora has on the usage and viability of the unfastened urban infinite. It is hence important to heighten every mean in order to do the topographic poi nt more natural so that every sort of uncomfortableness can be ignored. 6 ) Aesthetic and functional standards, of the country and how pleasant it is when remaining in it is straight related to the sense of comfort. The aesthetic standards may be subjective but sometimes a big proportion of people who use it agree in some specific aesthetic or functional points about characteristics and design parametric quantities that are non normally accepted and cut down the livability of the square. Those elements of each square of the survey that are non delighting to the general populace can be easy predicted with the inquiry â€Å" what you do n't wish about the square † , so as to take them earnestly into history for any effort to redesign the square. Harmonizing to these replies in Chania 49.0 % of respondents said they do non like the parking country which is installed around the memorial, in Rethymnon 36.2 % pointed out the deficiency of flora and 38.3 % the design of the square reply which partially involves excessively the deficiency of flora, in Her aklion 61.4 % said the design of the square particularly indicated the design of the visible radiations and benches, and in Archanes the bulk of people wanted many more utilizations within the square and non around it. All these factors significantly affect the distribution of ballots in each square, so the right design requires taking into history the per centum of ballots affected by these factors.5. DiscussionConsequences from the analysis of all factors associating to soothe in assorted squares led us to some general decisions that allow any design to be executable and moreover affect the viability of the corresponding square. Each single square had good comfort ballots in specific parametric quantities ( Chania on the heat, Archanes in the Sun, etc. ) and non so good in others ( Rethymnon in the Sun, etc. ) . To build a general theoretical account that can be applied all over the island a basic rate of all consequences is indispensable and a standardization of all the instance surveies over the same graduated table [ 30 ] . 5.1 Ranking of the study unfastened topographic points Before any farther measure it is necessary the computation of some bioclimatic indexs of the out-of-door environment. The most of these indexs are defined by the European Union ( ISO 7730 ) and are important for the survey of comfort conditions in each square, severally [ 31,32 ] . Primary, the chilling power ( CP ) index was introduced to measure the out-of-door conditions [ 33 ] , defined as: CP= ( 0.421+0.087*u ) * ( 36.5-T ) mcal /m2 /s Where: U: is the air current speed in m/s Thymine: dry bulb temperature ( oC ) In table 3 appears the general degree for the index CP as used for the appraisal of bioclimatic conditions in the out-of-door environment. Fig. 12 shows the index of CP, as calculated from climatic informations measured when each questionnaire was taken, in relation with the corresponding degree of comfort which the index determines from the tabular array 3. Besides from the tabular array 3 and fig. 12 it is obvious that harmonizing to the index CP the comfort conditions in all the squares both in summer and in winter are non appropriate. In summer all questionnaires are answered with the index CP in the ruddy zone which indicated that the microclimatic conditions were â€Å" excessively hot † except in Rethymnon where the CP value is tolerable. Besides in winter the CP values in Chania and Rethymnon are in the ruddy zone every bit good, intending â€Å" excessively cold † , whereas Iraklion and Archanes have better but non the best values. As shown the index CP evaluates comfort merely with the climatic conditions and without taking into history the responses of comfort. The ISO 7730 defines thermic conditions of out-of-door environment in which the chance of a negative ballot is minimized. The index â€Å" Predicted Mean Vote – PMV † and the index â€Å" Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied † are based on ISO 7730 and are taking into history the climatic parametric quantities in concurrence with the relevant factors impacting the thermic esthesis of each respondent ( vesture, metabolic rate, feeding or imbibing ) [ 34 ] . With PMV and PPD we can obtain replies to the inquiries: is the thermic comfort in a topographic point non hone, how far from perfect is it? Or within what bounds should we keep temperature and humidness to enable sensible thermic comfort? The PMV-index predicts the average value of the subjective evaluations of a group of people in a given environment [ 35 ] . The PMV graduated tab le is a 15 -point thermal-sensation graduated table runing from -7 ( excessively cold ) to +7 ( excessively hot ) , where 0 represents the thermally impersonal esthesis. Even when the PMV-index is 0, there will still be some persons who are dissatisfied with the temperature degree, irrespective of the fact that they are all dressed likewise and have the same degree of activity – comfort rating differs a small from individual to individual. We can cipher the PMV values with the expression [ 34 ] : PMV = ( 0.303*e-0.036*M + 0.028 ) * [ M-W ) -H-Ec-Cres- Eres ] M= Metabolic rate. The rate of transmutation of chemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerophilic and anaerobiotic activities within the organic structure [ W/m2 ] W= Effective mechanical power [ W/m2 ] I-= Dry Heat Loss. Heat loss from the organic structure surface through convection, radiation and conductivity [ W/m2 ] I†¢c=Evaporative heat exchange at the tegument, when the individual experiences a esthesis of thermic neutrality. [ W/m2 ] Cres= Respiratory convective heat exchange [ W/m2 ] I†¢res= Respiratory evaporative heat exchange [ W/m2 ] Harmonizing to the PMV index ( fig. 13b ) , there is a strong difference between the two seasons. In winter the index values are close to 0, so for this factor it can be assumed that the comfort conditions are near to the ideal. On the other manus during the summertime the mean PMV index value is about 3 ( fig. 13b ) , figure non even in the acceptable bounds of the European graduated table ( table 3 ) . In figs 13 a, b we can see that overall, the existent esthesis ballot ( ASV ) is at higher degrees than indicated by the bing mathematical theoretical account of the computation of the predicted average ballot ( PMV ) . Throughout the twelvemonth the comfort degrees are near 90 % ( -1, 0, 1 ) , and merely 6 % of people feel discomfort â€Å" really hot † ( +2 ) in summer and 4 % feel uncomfortableness â€Å" really cold † ( -2 ) in winter. That great difference between the predicted mean ballots and the existent ballots can be explained by the deficiency of the questionnaire to find in greater item the ballot of comfort but merely in a 5 point graduated table without decimals and besides the psychological parametric quantities as analyzed above which affect in a great per centum the comfort ballot. It should be observed that a big proportion of responses runing between -2 to -1 and 1 to 2 severally, those degrees do non match to full comfort, but in equivocal state of a ffairss, approximately 30 % of people could alter easy their ballot. Common microclimatic informations with the PMV ( Predicted Mean Vote ) require two other indexes: PET ( Physiologically Equivalent Temperature ) and SET ( Standard Effective Temperature ) [ 36 ] . All those thermic indices are good documented and include of import meteoric and thermo-physiological parametric quantities so as to specify the entire comfort [ 37 ] . The graduated table that are measured is in oC but the parametric quantities required in the theoretical account are both climatic ( air temperature, humidness, radiation environment, wind velocity and way ) but besides physical features of every interviewee ( age, sex, weight, tallness, apparels, metamorphosis rate ) [ 38 ] . A full application of these thermic indices on the energy balance of the human organic structure gives elaborate information about the consequence of the thermic environment on every homo. For the computation of PET and SET it is used the Rayman theoretical account designed by Matzarakis [ 6,8,38 ] for every individual interview. The consequences of average values of these computations appear in fig. 14 where, harmonizing to the tabular array 3, the mean PET value during summer is on the â€Å" excessively hot † group whereas the mean PET value during winter is on the â€Å" comfort † group. The same applies besides to the SET values with a little difference in the summer. All these indexes reveal demand the same decision which can non be ignored in every design attempt of unfastened urban infinites in Crete. The job of uncomfortableness in the metropolis environments takes topographic point about 90 % during the summertime. Although the occupants are accustomed to the Mediterranean climatic conditions, the environment of the metropolis is instead unsuitable for them to experience comfort.6. Decisions and recommendationsThis survey was implemented in four squares in Crete, two seasons a twelvemonth ( winter, summer ) . The yearss of the measurings were carefully selected after meteoric rating of the conditions parametric quantities with the aid of specialised conditions prognosis so as to stand for the typical conditions conditions of the season so as to avoid any unusual values which could drive to false decisions. The survey is based on supervising weather informations in each square in concurrence with replying a sum of 200 questionnaires on the agr eeableness of people utilizing them. The survey is based on the hypothesis that the comfort conditions in each square comes as a consequence of the interaction of all the microclimatic parametric quantities together. Particularly for Crete it is assumed that air temperature and solar radiation are the most critical factors for accomplishing comfort and humidness and weave velocity affect the comfort ballot merely when temperature conditions are non natural. The portion of people who feel comfy during the interview in Crete is approximately 67 % , which is smaller than the consequences from RUROS which shows over 75 % yearly. This requires the distinction of the islands and the building of a skilled comfort theoretical account so that any signifier of intercession into the island unfastened infinite can hold a positive consequence on the viability of the metropolis. It is deserving detecting that all squares in the survey have been redesigned over the last three old ages, so can be assumed that the design solutions were made without any survey of the comfort conditions predominating in them. This fact can hike the basic intent of this survey as it is obvious that every effort of planing unfastened urban infinite can take into history the site specifications, the people wonts and the local conditions parametric quantities in order to guarantee that it will go a unrecorded unfastened topographic point of societal interaction. As assumed from the consequences in some squares ( Rethymnon ) , several negative ballots ( -2, +2 ) were within the bounds of comfort. Large function for this phenomenon plays every signifier of adaptation: physical, physiological and psychological. The vesture degrees, which straight affect human metamorphosis, can impact mostly the thermic esthesis. Even the ISO 7730 incorporates both the vesture and metamorphosis in the theoretical theoretical account for comfort ( PMV ) . Other indexes like PET and SET have taken these factors into history but they do n't reflect in great conformity the ballot for comfort of the interviews. Important function in the sense of comfort besides play the naturalness of the country, outlooks, perceived control, exposure clip, aesthetics and functionality of the site and close utilizations. All these factors significantly affect the experience of infinite of every interviewee. The physical environment and psychological version is argued to be complementary instead than contradictory, and consideration of this dichotomy could increase the usage of the metropolis ‘s unfastened infinites, beef uping societal interaction between citizens by leting chances for such interaction to take topographic point. This paper identified the climatic factors which affect the most of the responses of comfort and their interaction, field studies besides reveal assorted issues sing version of users to the out-of-door environment, proposing that a strictly physiological attack is unequal in qualifying thermic comfort conditions in out-of-door infinites, therefore stressing the demand for look intoing different ways to quantify comfort conditions out-of-doorss. In order to reason with a basic theoretical account of comfort which could foretell the comfort ballot of the users with taking into history the parametric quantities that is concluded that affect the most the ballots, it is indispensable a reorientation of the basic thermal indexes and a more specialised theoretical account that takes into history the particular characteristics of the Mediterranean clime. For the effectivity of this theoretical account, farther measurings are needed every bit good as a specialised analysis of full representation of climatic behaviour of each square. This would help the design of insular metropoliss through the design of out-of-door infinites and finally the usage of these infinites, by leting for different activities to be carried out and societal interaction to take topographic point, giving life back to the island unfastened infinites. Ultimately, such systematic cognition can lend to the sustainable development of island communities of the hereaf ter.

Black And White Marriage Essay

Barbara Stanton has been my friends for fifteen years. You might say that she is my best friend. We’ve dated and double-dated, but not once did we ever date outside our own race. About a year ago, Barbara came to me announcing that she was getting married to her boyfriend Paul. I hadn’t seen her for a while because we both began to grow in different directions and I’m ashamed to admit that we didn’t even keep in touch to have a deep conversation. Just some hello’s and goodbyes. When she called to tell me she was getting married, once again she omitted something that may have seemed inconsequential to her, but quite significant to her family and friends. She was marrying a black man. Maybe it’s not so crazy, but in the past few years we’ve seen more black and white couples than ever before. Maybe it’s because children of today’s world don’t even see color, or maybe it’s because of the rappers and hip hop entertainers that we somehow have as role models. Who knows? All that is certain is that where at one time this was totally unacceptable, today it is gaining more and more popularity. On a luncheon that we had with a few friends a few weeks before the wedding, the issue of race was brought up. Barbara had all the statistics. She argued that although race has often been contentious in children’s literature, from controversies over Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to Bannerman’s Little Black Sambo, to Keats’s The Snowy Day, to Herron’s Nappy Hair. How race is portrayed and who portrays it have been crucial for many critics. ( Sands-O’Connor, Karen â€Å"Why Are People Different? ) She related to us about some of the history of racism, and we had to admit that it seemed rather ridiculous the way the people of old handled it. In the sixteen hundreds, for example, Maryland banned interracial coupling because it wasn’t sure if the offspring of the black slave and white person would be considered a free person or a piece of property. Barbara knew a lot about black history. She told us that many blacks had white ancestry and who are we, the smug whites, as she called us, to not see this. She let us know in no uncertain terms that there were so many white slave ‘owners’ that took advantage of their female slaves that there was an abundance of mixed children born throughout those years. It is estimated that as many as seventy percent of African Americans are descendants of interracial coupling. These include Booker T. Washington, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Frederick Douglass. Each one of these mentioned are of black and white ancestry, including her intended. Denise, one of Barbara’s cousins brought up the fact that it just wasn’t common for blacks and whites to marry because of the long-term effects. But Barbara had the numbers right there in front of her. She told us that according to the Census Bureau, the number of mixed-race marriages rose from three hundred thousand in 1970 to one point two million in 1990. Between 1960 and 1990, the percentage of African American marriages involving a white spouse more than tripled. She wasn’t alone. Barbara looked at the six of us. â€Å"Of course we realize that we are of different ethnic backgrounds, but we are in love and intend to be married and really don’t care who objects. That is, of course, except the parents and relatives. Somehow, we always care what family says. But, what is interesting about America and it’s occupants is that even though people define their deliberations of interracial marriage in terms of â€Å"culture,† what really bothers them is race. We laughed as she told us that they didn’t tell the family that there was a difference in ethnic background. They just said, ‘guess who’s coming to dinner? ’ and they walk in the door, totally shocking the pants off all in the room. Her family, of course, pretended to be polite and welcoming until the couple left. Then, Barbara said she could imagine her mother’s hand going to the heart and the drama began. This, of course, is with both families, black and white. Barbara and Paul are sure that all through the courtship there will be innuendos right into the wedding day. Paul, in consoling Barbara as the big day approached, told her that friends of his that married interracially had similar problems. Some families give in and actually convince themselves that this is okay. Others really are okay with it and still others completely betray their own feelings. Their family did consent and did seem pleased. However, Barbara really didn’t want to know if these were feelings for show or not. She admitted that they had to face many decisions before the big day, such as the way they’ve handled difference of opinions thus far and religious upbringing of the children. They needed to voice whether they were willing to compromise on some of these issues and most importantly, how they see the role of husband and wife in this marriage of difference. In my opinion, like all marriages, things can lead to disaster or they can be worked on effortlessly, and Barbara and Paul firmly examined their path well before they made the decision to wed. Traditionally, African-American weddings include vivid colors, elaborate costumes and meaningful rituals. Whereas the white wedding embraces a more toned down dress. White bridal gown and pastels usually are chosen for the bride and the maids. The men are usually in black or white tuxedos depending on the time of day the wedding takes place, whereas the black groom sometime chooses a costume designed to the custom of his people. Ironically, in order to avoid all of this, Barbara has chosen to have a civil ceremony in the chapel at city hall and a small dinner at one of the area’s best restaurants. All decisions regarding custom have therefore been eliminated. The night before the wedding, they had a talk with both parents. The question of the future was brought up and the constant changes the human life goes through. They ask the couple how they are going to feel ten to twenty years down the road about this relationship and the offspring of this relationship. They do understand that everyone changes their ideas and opinions and although today they agree on most things, life is funny when it wants to throw bones. If a couple of the same race marries, when each one goes through changes, it is not going to be related to race. This is a big deal. There will be racial slurs on both sides of the family and friends sharing opinions. They will eventually have to deal with school and the black and white mom and dad. The family that evening pointed out that as sad as it is, the child will always be looked upon as ‘different’ because of his or her genetics. However, this was something Barbara and Paul did not agree on. They pointed out that in today’s world, unlike when their parents were growing up, the rivalry between races isn’t as potent. They agreed that some whites looked upon themselves as superior to blacks and in reality there would always be some type of racial issue as long as we have a democracy. It’s just different opinions. These things have a way of working themselves out and as for their children, they will know as soon as they recognize the difference in mom and dad that they are mixed. Growing up with it is certainly not the same as finding out spontaneously when their older. Since that’s impossible, the race issue may be resolved with the age of reason. The next morning, the wedding went off as scheduled. The whites in the chapel at city hall were noticing the difference in the people across the isle and the blacks were noticing the same things. But, they smiled at one another in a friendly gesture of approval. But, Barbara and her new husband knew that you couldn’t take the hand-me-down prejudices out of the older people in the chapel and they knew that there would be difficulties and differences from the get-go. However, they felt this would be a long lasting relationship and they were not willing to give up their future for the likes of racial interference. At the words, ‘I now pronounce you man and wife’, the whole family changed. Now there is a white girl in our family†¦. says one. Now there is a black man in our family†¦. says the other. Life has changed for them all. It’s been five years and the marriage is still going strong. I visited them and their twin boys, two years old who have brought the whole family together and they are loved to pieces by both sides. The children are mixed, but they have the blue eyes of the mother and the full lips of the father. Their color is the color of coffee with milk in it and their hair is a mixture of straight and curly. Perfect. They happen to be absolutely the most beautiful children imaginable. And they know it. There is so much love in that family that no one would guess there is a racial difference. Now, the families admit that they still see color, but only on the outside of the family. They see no color within. As far as the parents go, both couples realized they have a fondness for poker, hence the Thursday night poker club. In conclusion, we see that today, there are few communities with any claim to being racially pure; in modern society there has been a considerable amount of intermarriages which has blurred any such distinctions even further. (Pinsent, Pat: Race and Ethnic Identity pg. 91) So, are we going to get caught with our pants down if we don’t start building our country with the knowledge that all men are indeed created equal? No one actually takes a look-see inside the obviously different race to find out that we are not so different after all. Our wishes and hopes are exactly the same. Our love for our children is bountiful on both sides and our country is important to us all. How than, for a matter of a color, can we be so negative toward one another? I believe it is simply a fact collector. Get the facts on the person. Compare those facts with your own and voila’ we’re all God’s creatures. Barbara and Paul taught us all a lesson. The readers of this essay may have racial differences as well. If so, maybe we should stop and smell the roses and if not†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦how did they smell? CITATIONS BOOKS Sands-O’Connor, Karen – â€Å"Why Are People Different? † Pinsent, Pat: Race and Ethnic Identity pg. 91

Quantitative Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Quantitative Methods - Assignment Example For calculating the monthly expenses for the both types of mortgages first the nominal interest rates should be used to calculate the effective annual interest rates. This is done by using the following formula: I=(1+r/x)^x-1 In order to obtain the effective annual rates the Microsoft Excel formula was used: EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery), where nominal_rate is the annual nominal rate and npery is the number of compounding times per year. These values were calculated in Microsoft Excel using the formula: PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type). Rate is the interest rate of the mortgage, Nper is the total number of repayments for the loan, in this case 300 months (25*12), Pv is the present value of the total repayments that are to be made, Fv is the future value that one wishes to attain after the last repayment, in this case 0 and lastly Type indicates whether the repayment is made at the beginning of the month (0) or at the end (1), in this case we assume it is made at the start of the month so 0. In order to evaluate the Interest Only Mortgage option we must first calculate the effective annual interest rate on the deposit placed in the sinking fund. This will be done in the same way as for the Repayment Mortgage. The results are presented in the table below: The monthly cost Interest Only mortgage consists of the interest paid over the mortgage period and the amount accumulated in the sinking fund.... epayments for the loan, in this case 300 months (25*12), Pv is the present value of the total repayments that are to be made, Fv is the future value that one wishes to attain after the last repayment, in this case 0 and lastly Type indicates whether the repayment is made at the beginning of the month (0) or at the end (1), in this case we assume it is made at the start of the month so 0. In order to evaluate the Interest Only Mortgage option we must first calculate the effective annual interest rate on the deposit placed in the sinking fund. This will be done in the same way as for the Repayment Mortgage. The results are presented in the table below: Nominal interest rate on deposit in sinking fund Number of compounding periods per year Effective annual interest rate on deposit in sinking fund 5.50% 1 0.055 5.75% 1 0.0575 6.00% 1 0.06 6.25% 1 0.0625 6.50% 1 0.065 6.75% 1 0.0675 7.00% 1 0.07 7.25% 1 0.0725 7.50% 1 0.075 7.75% 1 0.0775 8.00% 1 0.08 8.25% 1 0.0825 8.50% 1 0.085 8.75% 1 0.0825 9.00% 1 0.09 The monthly cost Interest Only mortgage consists of the interest paid over the mortgage period and the amount accumulated in the sinking fund. In order to calculate the monthly payment into the sinking fund using Excel the PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type) formula was used where rate is the interest rate per period, per is the period, nper is the total amount of payments in the sinking fund, pv is the present value of the mortgage, fv is the future value expected in our case 0 and type indicates when the monthly payments are due in this case we assume that they are made at the beginning of the period so we take the value 1. The results are listed below: Annual interest rate Number of years in the loan Amount of loan Payment into investment plan 5.50% 25 350000

Relationship between the Public Relations and Marketing functions Essay

Relationship between the Public Relations and Marketing functions - Essay Example Public relations if well utilized serve as an effective tool in building awareness through generating stories in the media. Then public relation after developing the story in the media then takes another step to create a sense of an enigma among salespersons to boost their morale of work. Marketing mainly involves a variety of processes concerned with finding out what customers want and then availing it for them at a profit (Weinreich, 2011). This process of marketing mainly involves four key elements, referred to as marketing mix. Red Bull, one of the most popular soft drink producers has continued to enjoy continuous prosperity in many of its stalls due to its ability to perfectly bridge the gap between public relations and marketing. In the attempt to popularize the company products, Red Bull, has adopted various forms of marketing to promote its products. The company has intensively used advertising as one tool of its marketing (Dubois, 2010). Without advertising, many notable red bull products could be still unknown to consumers. Initially, Red bull solely depended on encouragement strategy to the consumers. They orally urged them to try the company’s products so as to realize the power and the uniqueness of them. Their marketing effort concentrates on getting more and more persons to buy the company’s product. They believed that after consuming their products, customers will get satisfied and later will serve as means of marketing message dissemination channel. Later, the company adopted modern means of marketing like advertising in order to reach more consumers so as to increase the company profits. As a form of marketing, the advertisement has given the red bull company a competitive edge in the soft drink market (Yates, 2008).  

Haute Couture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Haute Couture - Essay Example The late 1970’s were a time where interest in science fiction and the future was a common theme at the social level, with movies being launched such as Star Wars. The 1979 design illustrated the social demand for future lifestyle and innovation in fashion as well as showing the female clothing buyer as an important and respected part of international business. These suits were not created with explosive colours or other eye-catching patterns from previous years, rather the 1979 collection allowed simple, yet future-looking fabrics blend into design innovation in a way that was meaningful for mass market buyers and the female businessperson. A recent 2009 collection from Pierre Cardin reverts back to some of these design principles, using simple black and white and geometric patterns to create a stunning collection for women. The Appendix section shows an outfit which consists of dizzying explosions of black designwork throughout the collection which spirals like a liquid maze across the clothing. Key areas of sensuality on the female, including the hips and shoulders, are emphasised with sudden angular folds in the fabric which flair the outfit in key body locations. There are some significant differences to these different collections spanning 20 years, including the length of the hemline. In the 1970s, it was more acceptable to have longer skirts for business and even casual wear at a time where culture was emerging from more reserved moral and lifestyle values. This social aspect of lifestyle was added to the 1979 businesswoman collection and the outfit’s length was generally always below the knee. This fit within acceptable dress norms for the woman in business at the time. Today, however, Cardin has become more risquà © when redeveloping older styles for the new luxury consumer and has shortened the length of various dresses and suits to appeal to the more

Panopticism by Foucault Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Panopticism by Foucault - Essay Example The main similarity between prisons and schools, hospitals, and working places is their functions and structure. The main resemblance is that the role and aim of the administration include the responsibility and control exercised by the state and by the nation. The relationship existing among levels of hierarchical administration, and the methods employed by each, constitute the major issues of policy. The fundamental criterion of efficiency in the administration of schools is to be found in the provision of educational opportunities for children and youth. The main function of prisons is a reformative function aimed to improve behavior patterns of criminals and their attitudes towards the society. The arrangements which make for high efficiency include freedom from partisan political control, the services of a competent professional staff, adequate support, satisfactory buildings and equipment, and programs adapted to the needs of individuals and to the society which the particular institution (a hospital or prison) are organized to serve. In this case, "prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals" (Foucault 1995) based on universal and general principles applied to every organization. The approach suggests that organizations can be viewed as essentially the same and that there are few differences between organizations that cannot be overcome by the application of general principles. For instance, similar to regormative functions of prisons, "educational psychology is supposed to correct the rigours of the school, just as the medical or psychiatric interview is supposed to rectify" (Foucault 1995). It is not surprising that "prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals" because bureaucratic hierarchical structure is a result of historical development of social institutions and control functions of the state. All institutions mentioned above are 'systems'. In this case, they are affected by its environment and have a structure which has both formal and informal elements. The structure covers how activities are grouped together, the number of levels in the hierarchy, the extent to which authority is decentralized to divisions and units, and the relationships that exist between different units and functions. All organizations have some form of more or less formalized structure which has been defined as comprising 'all the tangible and regularly occurring features which help to shape their members' behavior'. Structures incorporate a network of roles and relationships and are there to help in the process of ensuring that collective effort is explicitly organized to achi eve specified ends. The basic characteristic of prisons as a system is that it transforms inputs into outputs within its environment. The components of the system include the Importation of energy and throughput. Following Foucault "Panopticism of every day may well be below the level of emergence of the great apparatuses and the great political struggles". Similar to hospitals and schools, factories and barracks, prisons include key organizational processes - the major information gathering, communication, decision-making, matter/energy transporting and matter/energy converting actions of the organization's individuals and

In English Employment Law the Issue of Employment Status is Almost Essay

In English Employment Law the Issue of Employment Status is Almost Exclusively one for the Courts to Decide Upon - Essay Example The basic distinction between employee and self employed person is that employee has to serve under the employer with certain terms and conditions whereas the self employed has to work under the contractor for specific job on fixed payment. Another simple way of distinguishing employment from self employment is: a) buying an employee or b) buying a service1. Employment Tribunals Act 1996 provides the formation of employment tribunals. It comprises of judge and two lay members. Most of the times tribunals deal with the employment disputes leaving few exceptions where a judge has to sit alone2. The Tribunal can hear and decide the case if it falls within the ambit of the given acts: a) equal Pay Act 1970 breach of equality clause in contracts of employment b) employment Agencies Act 1973 application by the Secretary of State for a prohibition order c) sex discrimination Act 1975 d) race relations Act 1976 e) Section 230 (3) 19963. Employment Tribunals Regulations 2004 governs the proce dures of employment. The tribunal in question examines the nature of employment with specific reference to the relationship of an employee and the self employed. The decision of the Tribunal is binding on all stake holders. In such cases, if affected employees hire the services of a solicitor he / she have to bears the fee4. The aggrieved party can challenge the decision of lower judiciary in the Court of Appeal or in the Supreme Court as the case may be. The apex court while dealing with the employment cases frequently refers the judgments of House of Lords5. The Supreme Court can: a) affirm or set aside the impugned orders of the subordinate courts b) Order subordinate courts to retrial the case if found that the trial was not fair6. The terms that create confusion in the trials are ‘implied’ and ‘irrelevant’. Employment status is determined on the basis of actual relationship. Court has its own guidelines which prevail in the event of any dispute. One qu estion that arises is that why should the two parties be in dark over this issue for a considerable amount of time. Many workers carry on their duties under the employment status labelled on them by the employers. This goes on for months and even years. There should be a rigid framework that prevents workers from living in ignorance or being completely oblivious to the benefits they can receive from a change in their employment status7. Control Test One of the most important tests to determine the employment status is the Control Test. This test determines the manner in which the work is done8. In the ancient times most of the workers were unskilled. Now there has been a dramatic change in the labour market. Workers are skilled and have in-depth knowledge about their work as compared to their employers. As mentioned earlier, changes in the working styles of corporations and individuals have made the control test less effective in many ways. The problem multiplies when dealing with s killed workers who are not under the direct control of the employer / client, but an integral part of the organization9. Of course there are strengths and weaknesses in control test. Many factors can be considered in the physical control such as presence at work, timely completion of task and the quantity of work given to workers. But with skilled workers who decide their own pace and timing may not be under direct ‘

Risk Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk Management - Assignment Example It boils down to the fact that individuals and business mangers will always have to make decisions with limited information, in an environment of near uncertainty. Statistical tools like the decision tree can be used to make some comparisons between different courses of action (Module 9, p.2.). All possible choices for a particular project can be listed with probabilities of occurrences of outcomes for each choice. Different scenarios within each outcome are also assigned probabilities. For each choice- outcome- scenario combination, profitability estimates can be made. This will give a rough comparison for profitability for the different choices. Understanding consumer perception of risk will help sellers to formulate appropriate pricing strategies (p.3.). For consumer durables, extended warranty and assurance of prompt service will fetch a higher price. Managers in a privately owned firm can afford to take higher risks with better understanding by the top management. He may go for an option with potential for very high returns, though chances of its occurrence may be very low. Understanding the different types of auctions will help the manger to quote appropriate prices for his products (†¦p.6.). Performance based job security and remuneration will help curb actions aimed at individual advantage and help reduce moral hazard (†¦. P.5.). To overcome the problem of asymmetric and hidden information, techniques of signaling and screening can be employed (p.6.). By making selective offers, customers can be made to reveal their preferences. So, today’s manager is better equipped with tools to analyze available data and make more logical

PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Description Assignment

PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Description - Assignment Example The two grant programs run by the National Foundation under which it can provide a grant to the PEACE are the Small Grants Program and the Investor Program. Both programs have different budgets. The Small Grants Program offers a one-time grant of $5,000 to registered charities and Investor Program offers a grant of $150,000 a year for 3 consecutive years for any of the program objectives through Supporting Families Program. The program is built on firm footing by PEACE; it has analyzed the needs of the end users for whom the welfare program has been initiated. It has specifically outlined the geographical area where the needs of the affected people match with that of the National Foundation programs to rehabilitate the affected community members and support the relatives of the victims of domestic violence. PEACE has been providing such services for a long time and has a reputation for its clear vision, strong leadership, and solid financial footing. PEACE is well aware of the needs of the Portland community. Members of the community have been involved in social crimes like domestic violence against women and children. The focus of the agency has been on educating the Portland community against such wrong social practices. In the last five years, there have been many incidents of road rage implicating community members in criminal cases. Needs of the affected community are identical with the mission and visions of both the organizations, the National Foundation, and PEACE. These needs are reflected in the aims of PEACE – to improve the standard of life of such families that have one of their family members in prison. The National Foundation’s program, Supporting Families, also supports young people involved with the criminal justice system through a rehabilitation program designed to provide the skills, create confidence in the community, and establish personal support networks to help them in leading a normal life.

Teaching and Learning Support Essay Example for Free

Teaching and Learning Support Essay Know the structure of education from early years to post-compulsory education. 1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early years education. It is the entitlement of each child between 3 and 4 years to receive free part time early years education. The government (in this case Cheshire East) ensures that all children receive 2 free years of education before reaching school age. Early years provisions in schools is about making sure children learn through play rather than through formal education for example in a classroom. However it is to follow the EYFS curriculum until the end of their early years education. 1.2 Explain the characteristics of different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance. There are 4 types of school in the UK which all follow the national curriculum which are: Community schools which are run and owned by the local authority and as such will provide support through creating links with the community and providing support services as well as making use of school facilities for example adult learning. Voluntary schools which can either be voluntary aided or voluntary controlled. Voluntary aided schools and run by religious bodies and governed by them. Whereas voluntary controlled schools are funded by the local authority which employs staff but both are usually owned by a charitable organisation. Foundation and trust schools are run and owned by their own governing body but consult with the local education authority. Trust schools will often partner up with a local business which they buy into but gain continued support from said business. Specialist schools are secondary schools with specialist status and through successfully doing so will receive additional funding. Additionally there are now Academies which have usually been set up by sponsors but are now able to do so through community support. The have close links with the local education authority and have more freedom. 1.3 Explain the post-16 options for young people and adults. There are many Post-16 options for young people to undertake and the government guarantees that by the time they leave compulsory education they will have moved to one of these options. Either fulltime or part time education at a college or sixth form. An apprenticeship which includes a job or work placement. Entry to employment or employment with training such as an NVQ level 2.

The Comparison of Tyack and Dewey Essay Example for Free

The Comparison of Tyack and Dewey Essay In your own words, summarize each chapter in Tyack and Cuban’s Tinkering Toward Utopia. Write one sentence for each chapter in your own words. Do not include any quotations. Prologue: Learning from the Past Reformers today need to focus on ways to help teachers improve instruction  from the inside out. Chapter 1: Progress or Regress? Progress or regress, we are still left with the problem of those who live in poverty. Chapter 2: Policy Cycles and Institutional Trends Changes in schools do show some cycles, but most of the messages remain the same. Chapter 3: How Schools Change Reforms If teachers would be more involved while collaborating and sharing information there could be more effective school reform. Chapter 4: Why the Grammar of Schooling Persists The Grammar of schooling provided a stable structure for a vast number of people. Chapter 5: Reinventing Schooling Reinventing schooling is correcting and continuing what is best about our present system. Epilogue: Looking toward the Future Education is a process of recycling democracy to create a healthy common good in society. Tyack and Cuban’s â€Å"grand theory† or â€Å"big idea†: Education can change society. Read your summary sentences carefully. Write one succinct paragraph sharing what Tyack and Cuban’s main ideas are regarding the assumptions and purposes of public education, the politicization of public education, and the interaction of social change and school reform. You will demonstrate that you have been a critical reader as you capture the essence of Tyack and Cuban’s ideas during this period of their writing. Tyack and Cuban felt that one of the purposes of education was to change society. Their thoughts are that changes in schools show cycles based on trends, but messages remain the same. Reformers today need to focus on ways to help teachers improve instruction from the inside out. Education is a process of recycling democracy to create a healthy common good in society.

The Aims Of Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay

The Aims Of Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay In 1960s, people were more concern about ethics in business and feel that company should respond in environment and social more than before. At that time, the aim of company was only maximize profit for investors. As a consequence, a new principle about more responsibility in running business was established. Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business people. Kim Y. lecture (2009) The most common issues engage employee, human right and environmental regulations. After that, it was developed to Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR in 1970s. The entirety of CSR can be discerned into the three words contained within its phrase: corporate, social, and responsibility. Therefore, in broad terms, CSR covers the responsibilities corporations have to the societies within which they are based and operate. The University of Maimi (2009) The word corporate means a company that run an activities in order to gain the profit from an investment. Social means a group of people more than 15 people who have relationship or the same goal. The most important word is responsibility which means acceptance both of good and bad effect that occur by the company including the responding to prevent and correct the effect. The real definition of CSR has still discussed although there is considerable common between all of definitions. There are the different definitions. The social responsibility of the firm is to increase its profits. Friedman (1970) The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time. Carroll (1979) In the Commissions policy Communication, CSR was defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. It is essentially to prepare to take to the lead and show the board and stakeholders voluntarily that they take CSR seriously. CSR is a win-win situation that companies increase their profitability and society benefits at the same time. The EUs Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs aims to build a business-friendly environment, so EU CSR policy is consequently compatible with this. Europa press releases (2009) The early CSR models represented by Sethi had three tiers for classifying corporate behavior which he labeled corporate social performance. First level is a social obligation which base on responding to legal and market constraints. Next level is social responsibility which is addressing societal norms, values and expectations of performance. The last level is social responsiveness which base on anticipatory and preventive adaptation to social needs. Sethi, S.P. (1975) Building on the former model, Carroll presented his CSR model as a pyramid that had four classes (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic) in 1991. Carroll, A.B. (1979) The first class is economic responsibilities. It is a normal objective of company that is being profit. The next step after being profit is legal responsibilities. Law or rule controls the activities of the company. If the company does not obey the law, it might be charged or has to pay penalty fee or tax. These two steps are common in the business. Ethical responsibilities are the next level. The company can choose to do what is right and fair and avoid harm. For example, a company decides to donate some of profit to poor children. The highest level is philanthropic responsibilities which is a voluntary action no rule or no force to command. In 1980s, a new concept of CSR, stakeholder theory, was raised by Freeman. In the traditional view of the company, the shareholders or the owners of the firm get the most importance priority to achieve their need. In this model, the company converts the input of investors, suppliers and employees into salable outputs which customers buy in order to gain returning some capital benefit to the company. By this model, the companies only take in hand the needs of those four parties (investors or shareholders, suppliers, employees and customers). However, stakeholder theory argues that there are more other parties involved such as governmental agents, competitors and civil society. All of stakeholders get effect and take influence by the company. The stakeholder theory like a combination of traditional company and CSR which balances a maximize profit of investors and social responsibility in order to achieve business sustainability. Classifying by business process, there are two steps: CSR in process and CSR after process. Campaigns of reducing emissions or reducing the carbon footprint in production are examples of CSR in process which is not only following CSR campaign but also cost reduction. Other well known campaigns are mostly CSR after process. Europa press releases (2009) According to Wettsteins article about Beyond Voluntariness, Beyond CSR: Making a Case for Human Rights and Justice, CSR is a normative perception dealing with what corporations should do and how they ought to act. It is an inherently moral in nature. It is more than mere compliance with given laws and regulations. So it must automatically be voluntary, not be mandated by laws. WETTSTEIN F. (2009) There are many debates on CSR which is focus on recording of donating a share of their profits to charity by corporation. The core of CSR used to be seen as philanthropic responsibilities, so companies try to represent their social responsibility by increasing donating share of their profits to social. CSR was seen as external force in running a business. It was not a basis for legitimate business conduct but it was an equipment to give something back to the society that was neither commanded nor expected, but rather merely appreciated. Werrstein F. (2009) The examples of CSR Company There are a lot of companies that adopt CSR in their strategy and also a lot of ways to integrate CSR into the company both in process and after process such as donation, producing green products, improvement of human resource and protection an environment. The examples of CSR companies help to understand the step in the global strategic planning process. The first example is fashion field firm. In report about How ethical is your fashion?, Jane Shepherdson, who became chief executive of the Whistles womenswear chain, give her view that we need to be tempted into buying beautiful, ethical, sustainable clothes BBC News website (2008) In report about Primark fires child worker firms, there is more concern about CSR in fashion industry. For example, Nike has responded to consumer concerns about ethical standards by publishing details of all suppliers. Primark, the UK clothing firm on high street, has fired three Indian suppliers due to using child labors to make goods. The sub-contracted suppliers of Primark used child labor to carry out embroidery and sequin work. BBC News website (2008) The next example is in the pharmaceutical field. In 1987, Merck, the second-largest pharmaceutical company in the world and a global leader in consumer products and animal care, lunched the Merck MECTIZAN ® Donation Program (MDP) which is the largest on-going medical donation program. The MDP provides MECTIZAN for the treatment of river blindness in endemic countries. Since 1987, the MDP has approved more than 530 million treatments of MECTIZAN. With only one annual dose, MECTIZAN is well suited for distribution in isolated areas and the only well-tolerated drug known to halt the development of a disease. The company hoped that transmission of river blindness will be interrupted and the disease will be virtually eliminated by the continued use of MECTIZAN. Merck (2006) Marks Spencer (MS) is one of the UKs leading retailers of clothing, food and general merchandise such as womens clothing, menswear, lingerie, beauty and home. The founders of MS believed that building good relationships with employees, suppliers and wider society was the best guarantee of long-term success so they implement CSR in all business unit that have own CSR strategy. Their CSR strategies based around the brand value of trust and balanced with customer needs and all stakeholder expectations and are grouped into three areas which are people products and community. In 2004, MS launched The Marks Start community program focusing in preparing people ready for work. Target groups are the young unemployed, disabled people, parents returning to work and school students. The program provided individuals a taste of life in a working atmosphere and the confidence and ability to achieve employment. MS allocate their employees as a buddy. The program has improved staff morale and contr ibuted to make MS as a great place to work and they felt that they had increased their skills. The philosophy of MS is helping others to help themselves so MS provide knowledge and experience in order to let them stay in the world buy themselves. Article 13 (2005) In 2008, Exxon Mobil Corporation, the U.S.-based energy giant, provided a combined $189.1 million in cash, goods and services worldwide. Rex W. Tillerson, Chairman and CEO of Exxon Mobil, said that the goal of our Corporate Citizenship Report in 2008 is to detail our performance and commitment in our most significant citizenship areas: corporate governance, safety and health, environmental performance, managing climate change risks, economic development, and human rights and security. The company pays attention to many social responsibilities such as education, environment, health, womens economic opportunity initiative and worldwide giving. Exxon Mobil received Malaria Award from Global Business Coalition in 2008. Malaria is one of the successful projects. It has fight with Malaria in Africa where the firm operates for more than eight years. The company recognized through their employees in Africa what an impact of malaria on their lives and the economic development. So Exxon Mobil decided to fight against malaria through the companys Africa Health Initiative. Exxon Mobils website (2008) Last but not least, Nestlà © UK has provided assistance to improve farmers livelihoods through productivity and quality improvements including setting up an eco-friendly, post-harvest treatment. Nestlà © is currently helping over 3,500 of the poorest coffee farmers in El Salvador and Ethiopia where has benefited of fair premium prices in trade for high quality Arabica coffee beans. The Partners Blend project helps farmers grow higher quality coffee, develop communities, increase yield and achieve a higher standard of life. With this program, Nestlà © applies sustainable approach to particularly poor producing communities in those areas. After successful in the UK, Ireland and Sweden have followed up that will be launching fair-trade certified coffee products. A long term commitment of Nestlà © is developing sustainable agricultural practices in order to help relieve hardship and poverty for poor farmers. Supporting their farmers also helps Nestlà © to assure continuous supply hi gh quality of coffee beans. This program increases a good reputation and brand of Nestlà © in social responsibility area. Nestlà © (2006) The impact of CSR in the business In tracking the impact of CSR by Jeffrey Marshall, Geoffrey Heal, Garrett Professor of Public Policy and Business Responsibility and professor of economics and finance at Columbia University, was interviewed about impact of CSR. According to the interview, companies are for-profit entities but there is a change going on in terms of the pressures that society puts on businesses to address social and environmental issues. He gave example of companies that pay attention to society and environment. He noted about green company that there are two issues going on this topic. In the one side, customers are willing to pay more if they can buy green product which is likely another factor quality of product. At the same time, the firms are able to increase product price due to insensitive price customer in green products. An argument about short term of financial position of CSR companies was issued in the downturn economic. However, the companies recognize that CSR is long term investment in the brand and reputation. The recruitment is a bunch of different issues. This issue was raised by Mark Tercek, senior executives of Goldman Sachs. It is increasingly critical in recruitment and retention to have a really positive social and environmental profile. New hires concern not just salary or the status of the firm but they want to work for the company that makes them proud to be in that company. CSR is a factor that encourages new hires to work with that company. Jeffrey M (2008) In 2000, the trend of CSR boomed. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentHYPERLINK http://www.oecd.org/ releases guidelines for multinational enterprises. The richest countries in the world launched the rule for their member of blocking company that does not adopt CSR. So without CSR program, lots of traditional company cannot trade with companies in OECD. OECD (2009) Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) or green investment in the past is a new impact from CSR to investment. Ethical Investment means avoiding invest in bad things such as cigarette, alcohol drinks or weapons. There have investment funds which invest only in CSR companies. It is clear that CSR is one way of non tariff discriminations in the modern world. It does not stick as a law but it effect doing business in international environment. The consequences of adopting CSR Learning about the consequences of CSR help to understand the purpose of mission of CSR. What should they do? what have they done? There are many arguments about the consequences of concerning of Corporate Social Responsibility. In this part of report, the advantages or benefits and disadvantages or risk of adopting CSR are discussed. Philip Kotler, Marketing Guru, gave an opinion about benefits of CSR. He mentioned that the first benefit is increasing sale volume and market share. He noted that it is not directly relate between CSR and profit. But CSR provides more opportunity for company that concern about CSR. Philip K. 2005 At lease, Working with CSR is better than does not. Reduction on cost of goods sold is another benefit. In the business process, if the firm can drive out more quality of employees or cut out some substances from processes that means reduce cost of process as well. Philip K. 2005 There is often a direct benefit to profitability. CSR is not only for external society but also internal responsibility. If the companies pay attention to their employees such as training , environment in work place and work-life balance, this increase satisfaction and loyalty from their employments. This also helps productivity and product quality. Europa press releases (2009) However, Public relationship which is the way that companies communicate with public and marketing are the next issue. If the companies present their CSR news, it encourages and sparks correspondents and investors to pay attention in the company. Philip K. 2005 Moreover, an advantage of company image, brand and reputation is another advantage of CSR. Europa press releases (2009) The benefit is brand positioning and reputation. Philip K. 2005 In Philips perspective, CSR is a challenge of the company. It is not easy or too difficult to achieve CSR. He recommended three step of developing CSR. First is choosing the suitable topic and then pick the popular or innovation way. Last step is implementing and present the success. Finally, evaluation is important to be a lesson in the future. Philip K. 2005 In Business green website, it raises the issue that green consumer spending defies the downturn. In this difficult economic climate, consumer spending generally drops. But a major report shows that green market products and services grow by a recession-busting five percent or  £6.4 billion in value. According to the report by Guardian newspaper, customer expenditure rose on a various range of green products and services such as green energy tariffs, energy-efficient appliances and small-scale renewable energy projects. However, it noted that while the green market has defied expectations and continued to grow steadily in recent years, this sector still accounts for less than one per cent of total consumer expending. Cath E. (2009) Even though, this is an economic downturn or economic crisis but CSR remains a priority for the companies being part of long-term strategy. Although, in this situation, the companies might be pressure to reduce their CSR projects. As the same time, in short-term strategy, the board should advocate that companies especially in financial department pay more attention on ethics and social needs. Overall, thoughtfulness of short-term social needs and long-term strategy should persuade companies to keep to their CSR strategies through this downturn time. Europa press releases (2009) Many of the global problems we are facing today cannot be solved by any single actor alone anymore. They require joint action of a variety of actors and sectors, all with a genuine interest in truly global solutions. Multinational corporations must offer their support where their expertise is key for improving the global human rights situation. New forms of governance such as public policy networks or other forms of public-private partnerships have become increasingly effective in addressing complex global problems. WETTSTEIN F. (2009) Conclusion From the past, the traditional view of the role of the company is only maximizing their profit for investors. If the company avoids destroying environment or hiring child labor, it only causes by the law. In the new view of the role of the company or CSR program, the company concerns more in their employees, human rights, environment and corruption. CSR is not rule; the companies do not have to follow but them willing to do the good thing to society and respond for the effect of their actions. As can be seem in examples, there are more and more companies that adopt CSR in their strategy. The biggest advantages of being with CSR are reputation and reduce cost of goods sold. There also are a lot of issues around CSR and CSI that should be research in detail for impact of concerning on social.